Analysis of EMC Predictions

I have just discovered the Technology Services Group (TSG) blog. It has some really great posts in it. The Technology Services Group work with ECM technologies, and their posts describe how they apply these.

On December 10 they published a post titled “Predictions for EMC Documentum in 2013“. While their other posts have had some great material in them, the above mentioned post didn’t impress me.

TSG made predictions such as “Webtop Installations will start to Fade“, “Lots of Interface Evaluations“, and “Slowly Upgrading to D7“. These predictions are not very hard to make. Whenever any software company brings out new versions of their software (often which makes the earlier version obsolete), companies start considering, and evaluating the new software, Sorry – that’s a no-brainer.

Further to that, there were predictions that, in 2013, “Performance will be a hot topic” (when isn’t performance a ‘hot topic’? I’ve never heard anyone say “performance is slow, but that’s ok”), “Mobile Demands continue to grow“, and “Cloud Discussions, but Slow Adoption“. For these last two, there is nothing really surprising about them (“wow – did you know that people will be wanting to use an EMC app on their mobile device?!”).

The second to last prediction “SharePoint Discussions are Dead” reinforces what others are also saying (Even Gartner has ranked MS SharePoint lower this year in their Magic Quadrants, and you can read more on this in Herman Prasad’s post)

This leads me to the last prediction: “Maintenance Costs Increasing“….

TSG – I’m not trying to be mean. You have written some great stuff, but these predictions are hardly that.

 

Related Post

I want Google Search (again)

I have come across this sentiment often (that is – users want “Google Search”. (See my earlier post “We want Google“)

TSG’s blog post really captures some great ways of handling this…

 

  • 43% of Total Google Search Queries Are Local (prweb.com)

Related Post

Momentum – another year – another set of announcements

As mentioned – I didn’t get a chance to go to Momentum in Berlin this year.

However I was able to get a pretty good idea of what was covered thanks to the great streaming video that EMC had, as well as the great tweets that be “tweeted”, and the excellent blog posts that were written.

I’ve been to a few Momentum’s now, and while they are a great opportunity to really “talk” with the EMC people, and their partners, I always had the feeling that the things I heard, I had, more or less, heard at the previous Momentum, or that what was big one year, suddenly falls to the wayside.

Now I realise that changes to strategy get made all the time, and that new technology takes more than one year to design, develop and integrate, and it’s great to see that EMC is: a) responsive to changes in the market environment, b) keeping its customers well informed of the progress that they are making, but to mention a few examples…

  1. Centerstage – in 2009 this was being hawked as the new Documentum interface. Now where is it?
  2. XPlore – really glad to see that EMC have been busy with their own search engine. And I have been following this with interest. However has there been anything new over the last couple of Momentums?
  3. SharePoint – also really interested in this but, again, are we hearing anything new with regards to the EMC offering for integration with SharePoint?

It wasn’t until I spoke with a colleague, who made a similar comment, that I started to really think about this. Then I saw this tweet from Jed Spink that I realised that others also had the same thought.

I appreciate that my view might not be a perfect one, and that there might be situations where I am wrong.

I want to hear what you think? Am I right? Or am I totally wrong?…

Related Post

FirstDoc, FirstPoint, NextDocs – a “rough notes” comparison

21 CFR 11 Compliance evaluationA reader has recently asked if I had any information on the differences between FirstDoc, FirstPoint and NextDocs.

To do a full feature-for-feature comparison of all the solutions is not something that I can easily do.  However I have been able to get my hands on some great documentation, and can put together a “rough notes” comparison of the three solutions with regards to the core system, and how each solution complies with 21 CFR Part 11.

Note – this is version 2 of this post. After publishing the initial version, one of the vendors was able to provide me with a later version of their compliance statements. The table below has been updated as well as the Comparison PDF that can be downloaded. This is marked as Version 2. The link in the references still links back to the original compliance statement.

Important Note 1:

The FDA regulation, 21 CFR Part 11, is often update and modified. The documentation that I was able to find from CSC, and NextDocs appears to have been created at different times. As a result – I found some “discrepancies” between them. Sometimes the wording in the material I had, didn’t match the current version of the regulations. However, the “intent” is still the same.

Important Note 2:

I do not claim to be an expert in 21 CFR 11. Nor do I claim to be an expert in each of the different platforms/applications described in this post. I will list my references at the bottom this, but I make 2 recommendations:

  1. 21 CFR Part 11 can be interpreted in slightly different ways. Discuss with your internal QAV people what the expectations are.
  2. Make contact with the vendors in question to really determine whether their application fits your requirements.


21 CFR Part 11

To get read what is specifically contained in 21 CFR Part 11, click on this link. This will open the FDA’s “CFR – Code of Federal Regulations Title 21” site.

Product Comparison

Below I have listed each vendors response to each of the regulations outlined in 21 CFR 11.

This was compiled using information that can be found on the Internet. (I include reference links at the bottom of this post, as well as in the PDF.)

However, as mentioned – this is intended merely as a guideline. I encourage you to contact each of the vendors directly to get an updated statements of compliance, as well as information on server configuration/sizing & prerequisite software.

(Note to vendors – if you feel that there are errors, please let me know in the comments, and I will make the necessary corrections).

You can also click HERE to download a PDF version.

FirstDoc, SPX, FirstPoint & NextDocs

Subpart B – Electronic Records
§ 11.10 CONTROLS FOR CLOSED SYSTEMS

21 CRFR 11 Requirement FirstDoc FirstPoint NextDocs
(a) Validation of systems to ensure accuracy, reliability, consistent intended performance, and the ability to discern invalid or altered records. FirstDocis developed in accordance with the CSC LSQMSadvantage™, an ISO 9001:2000 certified Quality Management System.QMSadvantage and FirstDoc have been audited by many pharmaceutical clients. As part of a formal vendor audit, CSC can provide evidence that FirstDoc is developed and tested in accordance with QMSadvantage.FirstDoc has been validated by many clients. CSC offers a validation package (consisting of validation plan, traceability matrix, and IQ/OQ/PQ protocol templates and OQ protocols) with each release of the FDRD, FDQ&M, and FDTMF products. FirstPoint is developed in accordance with the CSC LS QMSadvantage™, an ISO 9001:2000 certified Quality Management System. QMSadvantage™ has been audited by many pharmaceutical clients. As part of a formal vendor audit, CSC can provide evidence that FirstPoint is developed and tested in accordance with QMSadvantage™.FirstPoint is “validation ready” for its clients upon completion of installation and configuration. Full IQ, OQ validation scripts, a PQ template and supporting services available from CSC for interested clients. Validation is ultimately the responsibility of the client as validation can only be performed in the environment in which the software will be used, and against specifications defined by system users.NextDocs offers a validation toolkit to streamline the validation process.The toolkit includes a sample validation master plan and traceability matrix, ready-to-run scripts for IQ and OQ, summary report templates, and sample PQ scripts.NextDocs also has standard professional services packages that include assistance with validation planning, PQ script preparation, and managing PQ script execution and documentation activities.
(b) The ability to generate accurate and complete copies of records in both human readable and electronic form suitable for inspection, review, and copying by the agency. Persons should contact the agency if there are any questions regarding the ability of the agency to perform such review and copying of the electronic records. Documentum will satisfy this requirement in conjunction with a company’s records management policy. Features of Documentum that support generation of accurate and complete copies in human readable form include the generation of PDF renditions and the ability to view and print these renditions in accordance with a system’s defined security rules.Additional support for this requirement is provided by FirstDoc’s automatic PDF rendition generation feature. Each time the content of a document is modified and the modifications checked in, FirstDoc generates a PDF rendition from an approved rendition generation station if the format supports transformation to PDF. Automatic transformation to PDF ensures that all documents will be readable in the foreseeable future. FirstPoint satisfies thisrequirement by managingaccurate and complete copies of files in human readable form with the tight integration with the Microsoft Office Suite of products andthe generation of PDF renditions and the system generated and maintained metadata. The system also provides human readable audit trails and reports. The ability to view and print these files and associated metadatais managedin accordance with a system’s defined security rules.All relevant recordsare maintained in their native file format within a robust MS SQL database and MS SharePoint environment. FirstPoint generates a PDF rendition from an approved rendition generation station, if the format supports transformation to PDF. Automatic transformation to PDF ensures that all documents will be readable into the foreseeable future. Actual generation of records is a client responsibility. NextDocs facilitates generating copies of records by:

  • Viewing records in native electronic format with any computer running one of several supported browsers.
  • Allowing records to be exported by dragging and dropping to any desired file system location
  • Providing sophisticated controlled, uncontrolled and clean copy printing capabilities

 

(c) Protection of records to enable their accurate and ready retrieval throughout the records retention period.
  • Documents may be retained in the system throughout their retention period, or an archiving process developed to store them outside the system. Documentum’s built-in archiving capability can be used to migrate content offline while maintaining metadata in the docbase.
  • FirstDoc uses Documentum’s robust security, which limits the capability for modifying and deleting records to designated users. FirstDoc automatically applies security to Approved documents that prevents them from being deleted or modified.
  • The FirstDoc product also includes an optional Records Management module which implements retention policies and allows deletion of records which have reached the end of their retention periods in accordance with a standard process.
Documentsmay be retained in the system throughout their retention periodthrough the use of a built-inlifecycle management system.FirstPoint applies robust security across the entirelifecycle, which prevents and limits approved or historical records from being deleted or modified except by specifically designated users. A document restore feature is available to the system administrator that allows for the retrieval of deleted records.All FirstPoint content is retained for retrieval until some business rule criteria has been meet to trigger the destruction. Records retention fun includes the ability to purge specific cycles of minor or major versions at the Library Level and purge working comments and draft comments after a specified retention period. NextDocs systems automatically “lock down” official versions of documents so that they cannot be deleted or modified without following system configurable change control procedures.
(d) Limiting system access to authorized individuals.
  • The underlying Documentum application implements a secure username and encrypted password (generally the network password) to limit access to authorized individuals.
  • FirstDoc augments Documentum security by providing automatic application of a client’s defined security scheme. Users cannot modify security outside of the rules defined by the client.
  • FirstPoint provides a secure username and encrypted password for all users in addition to the network access/password system.
  • FirstPoint augments the SharePoint basic Library level security by allowing permission sets to be applied based on any metadata in the system. This allows for content to have a more granular security model based on role, site, project, product etc, and allows for confidential documents to have a restricted access permission set.
  • FirstPoint also provides application level rights to system and business administration function such as setting up workflow and other business rules templates.
In general, an SOP is needed to define the roles and responsibilities for the administration and maintenance of the groups and users for the system and/or network permissions. Access to NextDocscan be controlled by configuration. Securitycan be configured to use Active Directory or Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services accounts or accounts created within SharePoint. Internal users with on-premises deploymentscan access NextDocs applications through single sign-on without requiringadditional system login unless performing a signature related action in the system.Alternatively, if a client’s Part 11 interpretation requires explicit sign-onto access the system, single sign-oncan be disabled. Internal users with hosted deployments access NextDocs applications by providing a user name and password.External users access NextDocs applications by providing a user name and password. Depending on a client’s security set-up, Virtual Private Network (VPN) access may be required as well.
(e) Use of secure, computer-generated, time-stamped audit trails to independently record the date and time of operator entries and actions that create, modify, or delete electronic records. Record changes shall not obscure previously recorded information. Such audit trail documentation shall be retained for a period at least as long as that required for the subject electronic records and shall be available for agency review and copying.
  • FirstDoc uses the Documentum audit trail capability augmented by audit trail entries produced for custom FirstDoc events. Example events include checkin, save, destroy, status change and user acknowledgements, such as review and approval outcome — including electronic signature. Since the audit trail must be maintained for the life of the record, Documentum’s Purge Audit Trail capability should not be used unless the audit trail has been migrated offline as controlled by a client’s SOP. Note: This assumes that the approved record is the electronic record. Audit trail entries for draft, minor versions of records can be deleted using the FirstDoc purge minor version functionality if the clients’ policies dictate.
  • FirstDoc provides thecapability for authorized users to change document metadata on approved records. In this case, an audit trail entry captures the previously recorded values so they are not obscured.
    • SharePoint records all events that occur on documents, the time and date of the and the username of individual (or system account) performing the action.
    • FirstPoint also provides a preconfigured, system generated audit trail report for each document that records the date/time of all critical events that occur during the entire of the document or record from creation, review and approval.
      The username of the individual (or system account) who invoked each action during the history of the document is also shown in the audit trail report.
      Information pertaining to previous document will continue to be displayed in the audit trail report, even as new versions of the document are created.
    • The audit trail report is presented as a single viewable and printable file.
    • The audit trail report is systematically generated, and cannot be overwritten or otherwise modified by any user.
NextDocs records:

  • Record modification events including check-in and check-out.
  • Move, copy, delete and undelete events.
  • Electronic/Digital Signature events.
  • Lifecycle promotions and demotions
  • Workflow events
  • Permission changes
  • Record viewing (configurable).

Audit trail entries include event, user name and server-based time/date stamp. Local time/date stamps can also be configured if desired.

Audit trail records are retained indefinitely unless manually purged from the system.

NextDocs also provides access to and copying of the audit trail. The audit trail can be saved to Excel with a single click for advanced sorting, filtering and analysis.

(f) Use of operational system checks to enforce permitted sequencing of steps and events, as appropriate. These checksare implemented within a number of system functions. They include client-defined control over:

  1. Enforcing the use of approved templates only in creating documents
  2. Limiting property values to predefined dictionary lists wherever possible
  3. Requiring entry of mandatory attributes
  4. Enforcing storage in a pre-defined hierarchy (cabinet/folder structure)
  5. Enforcing a defined document lifecycle and approval process
  6. Ensuring that all required electronic signatures are obtained (if electronic signatures are used)
These checks areimplemented within a number of system functions. They include client control over:

  • The use of approved templates in creating documents/records.
  • Predefined metadata dictionary lists which structure dependent valid choices.
  • Enforcement of mandatory metadata fields where required.
  • Enforcing a defined document lifecycle requiring a specific, defined review and approval process via document workflow
  • Enforcing the review and approval of the PDF rendition of the document, since that is generally considered to be the approved electronic record
  • Ensuring that all required electronic signatures or electronic approvals are obtained using systematic participant selection and voting rules.

 

These checksare implemented ina number of areas. Some examples include:

  • Ensuring that documents follow a defined lifecycle
  • Ensuring that workflows are used when needed to move a document through its lifecycle
  • Ensuring that documents are properly set up to display digital signatures before they can be signed
  • Ensuring that all required signatures are collected before a document is approved
  • Ensuring that documents meet requirements such as having a valid PDF rendition before becoming approved or effective
  • Ensuring that all required metadata is entered for a document
  • Enforcing the use of approved templates for authoring
  • Limiting pick lists to appropriate values when creating or modifying document properties
(g) Use of authority checks to ensure that only authorized individuals can use the system, electronically sign a record, access the operation or computer system input or output device, alter a record, or perform the operation at hand. These checksare implemented within a number of system functions. They include client-defined control over authorization for:

  • Document creation
  • Document access (delete, write, read, etc.) (via ACL security)
  • Changing status
  • Initiating and participating in the review and approval process
  • Signing documents (if electronic signatures are used)
  • Establishing document relations including change request relationships
  • Performing various types of business administration functions including dictionary maintenance, training record control, etc.
A series of authority checksare implemented within system functions. They include the following client defined controls:

  • Network access with unique ID and password controlled at the operating system level.
  • The SharePoint permission model controls document security at the Library (a collection of documents) and for draft versus approved documents.
  • FirstPoint enhances this security model which allows additional security layers to be implemented based on document metadata. This is useful for documents required restricted, confidential controls.
  • Documents that are part of a workflow process receive enhanced security in that only those selected participants have access to the in progress document.
  • System configuration, maintenance and other types of business administration functions are accessed only by those individuals with specific access rights.

 

These checksare implemented ina number of areas. Some examples include limiting the following to authorized users:

  • Modifying a document’s content or properties
  • Initiating or participating in workflows
  • Applying digital/electronic signatures
  • Modifying system configurations
  • Generating controlled or uncontrolled copy prints
  • Modifying essential information, such as study investigators
  • Approving requests for system access
(h) Use of device (e.g., terminal) checks to determine, as appropriate, the validity of the source of data input or operational instruction. This requirement in general does not apply to FirstDoc since the system does not have any functionality where information is valid only when entered from specific terminals. If a specific client has this requirement, CSC will address the requirement for that client. This requirement in general does FirstPoint since the system does not have any functionality where information is valid only when entered only from specific terminals. If a specific client has this requirement, CSC will address the requirement for that client. This requirement does not apply to NextDocs since the system does not have any functionality where information is valid only when entered from specific terminals.
(i) Determination that persons who develop, maintain, or use electronic record/electronic signature systems have the education, training, and experience to perform their assigned tasks.
  • CSC maintains resumes and training records on all team members.
  • CSC provides training to key client team members including business users, business administrators, and system administrators.
  • Upon request, CSC can provide developer training to non-CSC developers employed by the client.
  • CSC maintains resumes and training records for all its team members.
  • CSC will also help generate training records to track any training it provides to the client’s personnel.
NextDocs maintains resumes and training records s to provide evidence that our employees who develop and deploy our software are trained and qualified to do so.NextDocs also provides client-specific training documentation to help our clients comply with this requirement. We also offer end user training, train-the-trainer training and administrator training.
(j) The establishment of, and adherence to, written policies that hold individuals accountable and responsible for actions initiated under their electronic signatures, in order to deter record and signature falsification. N/A This requirement is not applicable at a system level but requires a procedure to be implemented by the client. Client responsibility
(k) Use ofappropriate controls over systems documentation including:(1) Adequate controls overthe distribution of, access to, and use of documentation for system operation and maintenance.(2) Revision and change control procedures to maintain an audit trail that documents time-sequenced development and modification of systems documentation. Electronic audit trail for the appropriate document types must be enabled if documentation is maintained in electronic format.
  • CSC will provide the client copies or access to system documentation corresponding to the licensing agreement and version of the product.
  • CSC maintains a strict version and change control methodology for its product, product related documentation and training materials.

 

NextDocs’s documentationis maintained in our configuration management system and available for review during audits.However, ultimately it is the client’s responsibility to control system documentation in their environment.NextDocs’ release notes describe the names and versions of documentation that apply to each product release. In addition, each client receives documentation specific to their NextDocs implementation.
§ 11.30 Controls for Open Systems. Same as § 11.10 plus document encryption and use of appropriate digital signature standards to ensure, as necessary under the circumstances, record authenticity, integrity, and confidentiality.
  • If the system is judged to be an open system, it would require encryption and digital signature standards. This is not part of FirstDoc and can be contracted as an option if needed.
CSC believes the FirstPoint products are a closed system so section 11.30 is not applicable. NextDocs systems that are hosted may be considered open based on the specific circumstances and the client’s 21 CFR Part 11 interpretation. The use of digital signature is available in all NextDocs products to fulfill the additional requirements imposed on open systems.

Subpart B – Electronic Records
§ 11.70 SIGNATURE/RECORD LINKING

21 CFR 11 Regulation FirstDoc FirstPoint NextDocs
Electronic signatures and handwritten signatures executed to electronic records shall be linked to their respective electronic records to ensure that the signatures cannot be excised, copied, or otherwise transferred to falsify an electronic record by ordinary means.
  • Signature information is stored as document properties.
  • Signature information is also displayed as non-editable properties on the Properties screen.
  • • Signaturesare removed when a documentis edited, copied, or otherwise modified.
    • Electronic signatures can only be applied to a documentrecord through the administrator-configured workflow process and the proper execution of approval rules.
    • The signature page is fused to the PDF rendition of the document and cannot be excised from the document.
    • Signature information is also retained as non-editable data in the database and is displayed in the document’s audit trail report.
    • When a document is revised or copied, the signature page is removed from the new version of the document.
Signatures are bound directly to a specific version of a document.NextDocs digital signaturesare based on Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and are a result of a cryptographic operation that guarantees signer authenticity, data integrity and non-repudiation of signed documents. The digital signature cannot be copied, tampered or altered.Digital signatures appearing in a document automatically appear as invalid when the document changes in any way.During change control the signature is removed for the draft version in anticipation of future approval and signing.

Subpart C – Electronic Signatures
§ 11.100 General requirements.

21 CFR 11 Regulation FirstDoc FirstPoint NextDocs
(a) Each electronic signature shall be unique to one individual and shall not be reused by, or reassigned to, anyone else.
  • The client will need an SOP on establishing and maintaining user profiles as applied to the assigning of a unique ID code/password combination to only one individual and maintaining a list of user profile information in perpetuity.
  • Documentum can assist with this via the ability to disable (rather than delete) users who are removed from the system. By leaving the users in the system, but disabling them, re-use of their user IDs will not be possible.
  • The network operating system ensures a unique userid which is used to execute the electronic signature.
    FirstPoint allows the administrator to lockout or disable accounts, as well as delete users from the system.
Since NextDocs is generally implemented such that user credentialsare supplied via Active Directory (or Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services), complianceis built in.Active Directory willensure that a user name cannot be re-used within a given domain, andprovide the ability to disable (rather thandelete) users whoare removed from the system. By maintaining a record ofprevious users, reuse of user IDswill not be possible.NextDocs signatures authenticate the content of documents by attributing the signer to the signed document. Every signer is identified by an issued certificate (or by that of an external trusted entity). This identification is based on the fact that the user is a recognized employee in the organization.
(b) Before an organization establishes, assigns, certifies, or otherwise sanctions an individual’s electronic signature, or any element of such electronic signature, the organization shall verify the identity of the individual. The client will need SOPs on establishing and maintaining user profiles as applied to the verification of a user identity. This requirement needs to be met with a client’s business processes. CSC can help establish work instructions or training procedures to assist with the on-boarding process Client Responsibility
(c) Persons using electronic signatures shall,prior to or at the time of such use, certify to the agency that the electronic signatures in their system, used on or after August 20, 1997,are intendedto be the legally bindingequivalent of traditional handwritten signatures.

  1. The certification shall be submitted in paper form and signed with a traditional handwritten signature, to the Office of Regional Operations (HFC-100), 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857.
  2. . Persons using electronic signatures shall, upon agency request, provide additional certification or testimony that a specific electronic signature is the legally binding equivalent of the signer’s handwritten signature.

 

  • The client will need to submit a letter to the FDA certifying that they consider electronic signatures are the legally binding equivalent to handwritten signatures.
  • The client will need SOPs on establishing and maintaining user profiles showing that a given individual accepts that the electronic signature is the legally binding equivalent of handwritten signatures.
  • This requirement needs to be met with a client’s business processes.
Client Responsibility

Subpart C – Electronic Signatures
11.200 Electronic signature components and controls.

21 CFR 11 Regulation FirstDoc FirstPoint NextDocs
(a) Electronic signatures that are not based upon biometricsshall:(1) Employ at least two distinct identification components such as an identification code and password.(i) When an individual executes a series of signings during a single, continuous period of controlled system access, the first signing shall be executed using all electronic signature components; subsequent signings shall be executed using at least one electronic signature component that is only executable by, and designed to be used only by, the individual.(ii) When an individual executes one or more signings not performed during a single, continuous period of controlled system access, each signing shall be executed using all of the electronic signature components.

(2) Be used only by their genuine owners; and

(3) Be administered and executed to ensure that attempted use of an individual’s electronic signature by anyone other than its genuine owner requires collaboration of two or more individuals.

NoteContact CSC directly for their comments on how FirstDoc meets this regulation.  FirstPoint incorporates the user’s network account and password for general access to the system, which is also used for electronic signature approval. FirstPoint requires the re-entry of both identification components (user ID and password) each time an electronic signature is executed.. Each time a signature is applied, both a user name and password are required.NextDocs supports a configurable automatic time-out during periods of system inactivity. This time-out will also end a user’s continuous and controlled access to the system.
  • (b) Electronic signatures based upon biometrics shall be designed to ensure that they cannot be used by anyone other than their genuine owners.
FirstDoc can support the use of biometric solutions through customizations. Customizations for biometrics are not in the scope of this document. FirstPoint can support the  use of biometric solutions through customizations. Customizations for biometrics are not in the scope of this document. NA – Biometrics are not used by NextDocs.

Subpart C – Electronic Signatures
§ 11.300 CONTROLS FOR IDENTIFICATION CODES/PASSWORDS
Persons who use electronic signatures based upon the use of identification codes in combination with passwords shall employ controls to ensure their security and integrity. Such controls shall include:

21 CFR 11 Regulation

FirstDoc

FirstPoint

NextDocs

(a) Maintaining the uniqueness of each combined identification code and password, such that no two individuals have the same combination of identification code and password.
  • Documentum and Unix/Windows Server will provide most of this functionality. See Item § 11.10 (a).
  • The client will need an SOP on establishing and maintaining user profiles.
  • The client’s network user authentication methodology provides this functionality.
See item § 11.100 (a).
(b) Ensuring that identification code and password issuances are periodically checked, recalled, or revised (e.g., to cover such events as password aging).
  • Both Trusted Unix and Windows Server can be used to require periodic aging of passwords.
  • The client will need an SOP on establishing and maintaining user profiles.
  • The client’s network user authentication and password encryption methodology provides this function
This is a client responsibility, generally achieved through settings in Active Directory. Windows and Active Directory infrastructure can enforce password policy for complexity and expiration. Windows integrated authentication and Basic authentication can leverage this automatically.
(c) Following loss management procedures to electronically deauthorize lost, stolen, missing, or otherwise potentially compromised tokens, cards, and other devices that bear or generate identification code or password information, and to issue temporary or permanent replacements using suitable, rigorous controls.
  • The client will need an SOP covering loss management for passwords.
  • If devices are used, the client must have an SOP covering loss management.
  • NA
NextDocs does not make use of tokens, cards, and other devices that bear or generate identification code or password information.Windows and Active Directory administrators can deactivate users, change users’ passwords, or require users to change passwords after issuing a temporary password. Windows integrated authentication and Basic authentication can leverage this automatically
(d) Use of transaction safeguards to prevent unauthorized use of passwords and/or identification codes, and to detect and report in an immediate and urgent manner any attempts at their unauthorized use to the system security unit, and, as appropriate, to organizational management.
  • Both Trusted Unix and Windows Server can be used to disable user accounts after a configurable number of unsuccessful attempts.
  • The client will need an SOP containing the procedure for reactivating accounts.
  • The client’s network user authentication methodology provides this functionality.
  • Windows can disable user accounts after a configurable number of unsuccessful attempt
This is a client responsibility, generally achieved through settings in Active Directory.The Microsoft Windows family of products can audit logon changes and failed attempts. Group policy can enforce account lockout policy to help to prevent brute force password guessing. Lockout policy is based on failed attempts for a time window and users can be locked out for specified times before they can attempt again (or not).
(e) Initial and periodic testing of devices, such as tokens or cards, that bear or generate identification code or password information to ensure that they function properly and have not been altered in an unauthorized manner.
  • If such devices are used, the client must have such a policy in place.
  • NA
NextDocs does not make use of tokens, cards, and other devices that bear or generate identification code or password information.


Audit Trail Functionality

Audit Trails is an included feature in FirstDoc. Documentum has its own audit trail capabilities, with FirstDoc adding on to Documentum’s audit trail system. Table 3 discusses the Audit Trails functionality that FirstDoc provides in support of 21 CFR Part 11.

Subpart C – Electronic Signatures
§ 11.10(E),(K)(2) AUDIT TRAIL

21 CFR 11 Regulation FirstDoc FirstPoint NextDocs
(a) Use of secure, computergenerated, time-stamped audit trails to independently record the date and time of operator entries and actions that create, modify, or delete electronic records. Record changes shall not obscure previously recorded information. Such audit trail documentation shall be retained for a period at least as long as that required for the subject electronic records and shall be available for agency review and copying.
  • • FirstDoc uses the Documentum audit trail capability augmented by audit trail entries produced for custom FirstDoc events. Example events include check-in, save, destroy, status change and user acknowledgements, such as review and approval outcome — including electronic signature.
  • • Since the audit trail must be maintained for the life of the record, Documentum’s Purge Audit Trail capability should not be used unless the audit trail has been migrated offline as controlled by a client’s SOP. Note: This assumes that the approved record is the electronic record. Audit trail entries for draft, minor versions of records can be deleted using the FirstDoc purge minor version functionality if the clients’ policies dictate.
  • • FirstDoc provides the capability for authorized users to change document metadata on approved records. In this case, an audit trail entry captures the previously recorded values so they are not obscured.
(b) Use of appropriate controls over systems documentation including: 1. Adequate controls over the distribution of, access to and use of documentation for system operation and maintenance. 2. Revision and change control procedures to maintain an audit trail that documents time-sequenced development and modification of systems documentation.
  • • Electronic audit trail for the appropriate document types must be enabled if documentation is maintained in electronic format.

References

CFR – Code of Federal Regulations Title 21
(http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?cfrpart=11)

21 CFR Part 11 Compliance Position for FirstDoc Applications
(https://developer-content.emc.com/marketplace/collateral/white_papers/CSC_FirstDoc21CFRComplianceWhitePaper.pdf)

21 CFR Part 11 Compliance Position for FirstPoint
(http://download.microsoft.com/documents/France/Entreprises/2010/CSCFirstPointLivreBlancAnglais.pdf)

21 CFR Part 11 Challenges and Solutions – NextDocs
(http://www.nextdocs.com/en-us/White%20Papers/WhitePaper-21CFR11.pdf)

21CFR11 Comparison of FirstDoc, FirstPoint & NextDocs
(http://markjowen.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/21cfr11_compliance-comparison_v21.pdf)

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Europe Momentum 2011 – Resources for those who couldn’t be there…

This year’s EMC’s European Momentum is being was held in Berlin.

The Momentum conference is something I have always tried to attend. It  is a great opportunity to:

  • find out what EMC’s strategies are.
  • Attend great sessions to learn more
  • Meet great people
  • Share ideas & experiences,
  • etc, etc.
So – what if you can’t couldn’t attend?
I’m trying to put together a list of resources that will give you the opportunity to follow Momentum online.

Hopefully I will be adding to this page as I find more excellent ways to “be there” (virtually).

Also check out my Google+ stream. I’ll post regular updates there as well. (https://plus.google.com/u/0/110973870217970854594/posts)

Blogs

  • Blogs from EMC World 2011, Las Vegas
  • InsideDocumentum Momentum 2011 posts
  • Notes from the Momentum 2011 session ”Current and Future Architecture of Documentum” – Alexandra
  • Reflections from Momentum 2011 Berlin – Alexandra
  • Jeroen van Rotterdam’s Blog
  • The ADLIB blog
  • The Momentum 2011 Perspective on EMC Documentum in Q3/2012
    – Ed SteenHoek
  • Momentum Overview – Tim de Grave
  • Momentum 2011 – all the videos

  • More to come…

Facebook

  • EMC’s Momentum Conference on Facebook – click on MMTM Berlin – Live to see some great streaming video of the keynotes, and sessions.

Official site

  • Momentum Berlin 2011 sitelists the sessions, the speakers, the exhibitions, etc, etc

  • EMC World On Demandpresentations, sessions, etc from the EMC World, Las Vegas 2011

  • Event page in the Documentum Community

Images and Videos from the Conference

  • Momentum 2011 – all the videos

  • Images from the conference on Flikr

  • EMC Momentum 2011 (LA/Berlin) on YouTube

  • Momentum Berlin playlist on YouTube
  • Opening act at the Keynote Presentation
  • Opening Keynote from Momentum 2011 Berlin

Tweets

  • Momentum Tweets (Streaming)


Presentations

  • Momentum on Slideshare


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How does FirstDoc “do” 21 CFR Part 11 compliance?

CSC have published (not recently) a whitepaper about the capabilities that FirstDoc products provide for compliance with the FDA’s ruling on Electronic Records and Electronic Signatures (fondly known in the Pharma industry as “21 CFR Part 11”).

The whitepaper is a good one. It starts off with a recap of what is contained in 21 CFR Part 11, and then does an itemised breakdown of the capabilities that the FirstDoc products have to meet the compliance requirements.

You can download it here.

Related Post: FirstDoc, FirstPoint, NextDocs – a “rough notes” comparison

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SPX Series – A little bit of history

This is part of the SPX Series

Previous post: SPX Series – SharePoint eXperience – (aka SPX) – Series Introduction

First off – I want to explain that I am, in no shape or form, an SPX “expert”. I’m just a guy who has been using SPX since it was first released. I’m not a coder, so can’t tell you all the cool ways that the web parts can be tweaked, or made to dance. I am able to share with you some of the “lessons learned”, and tips . that I have picked up over time. Some of what I write might be incorrect. Please feel free to let me know if that is the case.

And, where possible, if there are other resources that explain something better than I can, I’ll point you to it.

So without further delay I will launch into today’s SPX post…”A little bit of history“.

SharePoint

In 2007 Microsoft introduced SharePoint 2007.

As well as providing the ability to store content in its own repositories (doclibs, lists), it also provided web sites that could be populated with web parts that allowed users to interact with internal content (lists and SharePoint repositories), as well as external content. This included other LOB enterprise systems (such as SAP, Siebel, etc). There was no native way to connect SharePoint and Documentum though.

  • Business Data Catalog: Overview
  • Business Data Catalog: Architecture
  • Interoperability Scenarios and Technologies for SharePoint Server 2007

Wingspan

A company called Wingspan had also developed technology that provided Web Services connectivity to Documentum.  This consists of the Docway Server, and Docway “Portlets”, (and for SharePoint – Webparts), and allowed for single sign-on,  cross-docbase browsing, as well as the ability for users to access, create & update content from a Portal.

  • http://www.wingspan.com/products/docway-web-parts/

SPX

CSC’s FirstDoc, provides a layer that sits on top of Documentum, and allows for compliance with many of the Pharmaceutical regulatory requirements imposed by the various regulatory authorities (FDA, EMA,  MHRA, etc.)

Using Wingspans technology, CSC (or, at the time, FCG), were able to create special webparts that allowed users to interact with their FirstDoc system from a SharePoint Portal. These offered about 85% percent of the functionality provided by the native FirstDoc application.

4.3

The first version was released in the 2nd half of 2007, and had the moniker “version 4.3“. This was to keep the version inline with the (then current) version of FirstDoc. It was compatiable with version 5.3 of Documentum.

There were 17 webparts available. These included webparts for browsing cabinets, listing the logged-on users checked-out documents, displaying the Home Cabinet, an inbox webpart, an very handy object-view webpart that could be configured to display one particular folder, or cabinet), an also handy query-view webpart that allowed content to be displayed based on a query, as well as an assortment of other functional webparts, and administration webparts.

Each web part offered a user the ability to further interact with an object via a context menu that showed extra functionality depending on the type of object that was clicked upon.

This first version was an excellent step towards greater flexibility in creating interfaces for users that better matched their daily work style. For the 80% of users who rarely log into FirstDoc, it provided a quick and easy way to get to specific documents. Links to specific documents could be sent via e-mail, and when a user clicked on it, the document would automatically be opened, without having to go through a process of logging into a client and searching for a document.

But there were also several shortcomings. There was the 20% of hard-core users that quickly discovered that there was still a lot of functionality that was not available. Also the SPX interface did not offer the same flexibility that WebTop did. You couldn’t easily change the columns that you wanted displayed, the search functionality when compared to the WebTop search was very limited, and the way of interacting with the documents was different. The context menu was not found in WebTop.  Performance was also a bit sluggish especially when using the webparts over a WAN.

To be fair, CSC were also restrained by the limitations of the underlying Docway technology.
(However, Wingspan have been making continual improvements to their technology and CSC have been able to take advantage of this).

5.0

CSC listened to the concerns that the hard core users (as well as the administrators) were having. Version 5.0 of SPX was released in the middle of 2008, with Product Alias Search functionality, the ability to limit search results, and also the ability to add multiple documents to a workflow. Version 5.0 was also compatible with Documentum 6.0

6.0

Then later that year, version 6.0 was released. This was based on Documentum 6.5, and an upgraded version of Docway(6.1). It had been designed to be backwards compatible (with configuration, it could work with version 4.3 of FirstDoc). This allowed SPX to work over multiple docbases of different versions. As well as this, the Inbox and Query webparts were tweaked so that values could be automatically passed on the URL. Menu selection was made configurable. A quicklink capability was added that allows a link to be configured that will launch FirstDoc functionality, and the ability to View Relationships, and Audit Trail reports was added.

6.1

Then, in the later part of 2009, version 6.1 was released with even more functionality – Virtual Documents could now be viewed, multiple files could be imported, a new :”My Views” webpart was available, as well as the ability to view the Workflow Status report. Importing related documents was now, also possible. A version 6.1.1. was also released but this was a correction to a limitation that was previously believed to be uncorrectable.

6.2

In 2010, version 6.2 and 6.2.1 were released. The only difference was that 6.2.1 was certified for use with SharePoint 2010. Both versions also used Docway 7.0.  And there was a bundle of new features and functionality. These included: the ability to register interest, the availability of the WebTop Search app as a webpart, a single-box search (“Google-like”), Saved Searches, the ability to display custom properties in the web parts, clipboard tools, subscription notifications, as well as other functionality.

Future

CSC are working on the next release of  SPX, and it looks like they’ll be adding even more functionality to close the gap between SPX and WebTop.

FirstDoc doesn’t have its own client application – it extends the functionality of the EMC Documentum native client – “WebTop”. EMC has announced that they will be phasing out this out sometime soon.  As a result CSC are dedicated to ensuring that SPX is ready to be a replacement.

So – that’s the end of my “A little bit of history” post. If have made mistakes anywhere, please feel free to let me know.

Related Post

SPX Series – SharePoint eXperience – (aka SPX) – Series Introduction

This is part of the SPX Series

Hands up those of you who know what SPX is an acronym for.  (Hint – the answer is in the title of this post.)

SPX is the technology that CSC have that allows users, from a SharePoint interface, to interact with documents in a FirstDoc-Documentum system. (And, if you didn’t know – FirstDoc is a CSC’s Life Sciences compliance layer that sits on top of Documentum.) The technology consists of specially constructed web parts and a back-end Docway web server that acts as a “translator” for communication between the web parts and the Documentum server.

In fact, if you look at Andrew Chapman’s list of Reference Models, the SPX web parts would be the 3rd model listed.

Now – I have been working with SharePoint eXperience (SPX) technology for a while now – ever since the first version. I’ve been involved on a technical level as a customer. (That is, someone who has actually had to use the technology in a real-business environment to meet real-world requirements.)

As such, I thought it might be a good idea to start a series of posts on what the technology can do, along with some best practices. Here is a list of the things I will cover:

  • Overview – what SPX is, etc.
  • Best Practices – what are some of the best ways to configure/use SPX
  • Some of the issues that I have had to deal with
  • Anything else that I can think of.

Feedback from Readers is always great to receive, so if you feel that you have a question, or a suggestion, and I can answer it, I’ll certainly do my best.

Next post: SPX Series – A little bit of history

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FirstDoc User Group 2011 – a look back at the conference – Part 4

Previous post: FirstDoc User Group 2011 – a look back at the conference – Part 3

EMC FirstDoc User Group FDUG

In Part 3 of the FDUG 2011 series, I described the afternoon session of the first day, which included CSC’s Cloud offering, their UI Strategy, Performance and the social event. In this post, I’ll cover the sessions that took place on the last day.

Feedback

The morning started with feedback. The points compiled from yesterday User session were presented to CSC. These were graciously received, and even a few suggestions where made by CSC staff about ways they, themselves,  could address the concern.

SPX in use

Following the user session, there was a panel discussion involving three of CSC’s clients that had implemented SPX in their environment. For more on SPX, click here (PDF).

It seems that while there was a lot of interest in the technology, and implementing it, this came from a very small group of people. This group, however, were very interested in a number of things, and many questions were still being asked after the session had ended.

eTMF

After the coffee break, another CSC customer gave a presentation on their journey from a manual system for managing their Trial Master Files (TMF) to an electronic system.

This was packed with some very interesting information, and it is always good to learn from others.

Total Clinical Solution

As discussed in earlier “Look back” posts, CSC are offering “Total Solutions”. The “Total Regulatory Solution” has been  discussed, and now we had a chance to learn more about the “Total Clinical Solution”. Fransiska Darma (who I had met the night before) gave this presentation.

Often, in clinical trials, the research is outsourced to a Clinical Research Organisation CRO), and involves collaboration between the CRO and the pharma company. In other word – moving documents between the external CRO, and the internal groups involved.

To achieve this requires being able to capture document, and somehow allow the external party to upload it to the pharma company’s EDMS. Further to this, to allow for an increase in reporting and tracking, documents need to have an expansive amount of metadata.

As with CSC’s Total Regulatory Solution, CSC are trying to leverage the fact that they now have a full range of products to implement these “Total” solutions. For their “Total Clinical Solution” this includes making use of FirstDoc (on Documentum), along with SPX (on SharePoint), as well as other tools that facilitate planning and managing, tracking and reporting, and the auditing process.

Usability

This was another customer presented session. It was very, very interesting. In this case, the customer had done an Usability Assessment of FirstDoc 6.1.

The presenter started off asking why, when we search for, review & order something on a site like Amazon, we can do it easily, without any real effort, while, when do something similar inside a business, a 3 hour training course is required.

The presenter followed this up with the statement that “solutions should not require user to change their way of working for the sake of the system.”

To assess their own system (based on FirstDoc 6.1) the customer did 2 assessments, each time where 28  normal employees (i.e. not specially trained testers), were asked to perform a specific task – review & approve a document.

Using a tool that allowed the user’s mouse movements to be tracked, along with a camera that allowed the user’s face to be seen, gave the testers a good insight into how a new user uses an interface.

Some of the findings were shared with us.

These include the fact that the steps required to accomplish the actual task were not obvious. We were shown a film of the mouse movements of one of the testers as they tried to work out the steps required to complete the task. At the same time, a small screen showed the user face and body. There was  a lot of “i know that feeling” laughter amongst the audience as we watched.

This particular customer had also created a mock-up of an improved design. This included less “clutter” and prompts that would guide the user.

On the one hand, having guidance can be very useful for users who are not familiar with the steps required for the task. And often, even after doing the task for a couple of times, if the same user did not repeat the actions for several months, then that same “learning time” is required. On the other hand, users who perform the task multiple times a day can get frustrated with guidance. In this case, what would be good is if the application had a “dummy mode” for new, or infrequent users, and an “expert mode” for those more “experienced” users. (This was something that was introduced into WebTop – a “simple” user interface, and a more detailed one.)

EMC & Record Management

Tim Marsh from EMC gave us a presentation on Records Management, and Information Governance, and the solutions and tools that EMC has in the area.

Validation

The last session of the day was presented by Peter Branstetter, a Senior Consultant from Arcondis.

Peter’s presentation was a very educational trip through validation. Starting with GAMP5 (Good Automated Manufacturing Process) he touched upon Risk-based approach,  and the GAMP V model. Included in the journey we got to see example of this in use.

CSC offer a Validation Package which contains all the components needed to meet compliance. This allows the customer to fill in the details as required.

This session generated some very interesting discussions. It seems that “what”, or “how much” is required to meet compliance can vary depending on who is making the company policy. As such, the answers to some of the “do I need to do x,y, or z” questions were often – “that depends on what your QA department wants.”

This was the last session of the conference – about a quarter of the participants had already left. However, this topic, whether we love it, or curse it, was something that a lot of people wanted to know about, and Peter definitely seemed knowledgeable about it.

End of Session

So – that was the end of the FirstDoc User Group – Europe Conference. For me, this was one of the best FDUG conference that I have been too. I got a lot of value out of the sessions.

The FirstDoc User Group conference is organised by the FDUG – Europe Steering Committee This is made up of 3 representative from CSC Life Sciences customer base.

They did a really good job this year!

Related Post

FirstDoc User Group 2011 – a look back at the conference – Part 3

Previous post: FirstDoc User Group 2011 – a look back at the conference – Part 2

In Part 2 of the FDUG 2011 series, I described some business case presentations that a couple of CSC’s customers gave, and also talked about CSC’s “Total Regulatory Solutions”. In this post, we’ll cover some of the sessions that took place in the later part of the day – CSC’s IT Strategy (including their foray into the Cloud, and their User Interface Strategy); Performance; the “User session” and the Social Event.

Note – in the afternoon there were two “double” sessions. That is there were 2 timeslots where there were double sessions. I had to make a choice – and so wasn’t able to attend CSC’s Integration session, or a presentation on an sucessful upgrade project.

Cloud

“Everyone is doing cloud” and so are CSC.

However in the Life Sciences arena, there is still a lot of hesitation about using the cloud.

Pharma companies operate under the regulatory guidelines (21CFR Part11) of the Food & Drug Administration (FDA), as well as those of other regulatory bodies (European Medicines Agency (EMEA), etc). Remaining compliant is of the utmost importance for these companies. And as with any other industry, the main concerns are to do with: security and availability.

From what I can see, CSC have tried to address these concerns, and offer three IaaS models:

Off Premise

  1. Public Cloud, with all the advantages a public cloud offers – at CSC Data Centers
  2. Private Cloud, to give dedicated access – at CSC Data Centers

On Premise

3. Private Cloud – behind the client’s firewall.

These are all built on Vblocks, a technology that combines VMWare, Cisco and EMC technology, spread across 12 data centers spread across North America, South America, Europe, Asia and Australia.

To address the security concerns, the Security Framework for “CSC Trusted Cloud” is touted as covering a plethora of security points. These fall under the following categories: Access Control, Physical Security, Logical Security (the separation and isolation of client data, etc), and (as option) Data Integrity.

At the same time, compliance to 21CFR Part11 requires three primary components: the Installation Qualification (IQ) – that records contains a complete set of detailed information on the hardware environment, the underlying software (from OS to application) and instructions on how to install the system from out of the box; the Operational Qualification (OQ) – that proves that the system is operating correctly, and the Performance Qualification (PQ) that indicates that the system is performing correctly to meet the stated user requirements.

CSC are planning to use their Cloud model as a basis for delivering their Managed Services solution. The also aim to deliver IQ, and OQ, out-of-the box. This’ll be a great advantage for Pharma companies. They only have to worry about the PQ. This allows the benefits of the cloud to be realised, while remaining compliant.

User Interface Strategy

Currently CSC offers two interfaces for their FirstDoc product.

  1. They makes use of Documentum’s native client – Webtop – and adds their own “compliance logic” to it.
  2. SPX web parts – these are specially developed SharePoint web parts that expose (most of) the FirstDoc functionality, and allow users to interact with documents in a Documentum docbase.

EMC has announced that they will be retiring Webtop. CSC UI strategy addresses this.

xCP

EMC have released xCP (xCelerated Composition Platform). This is a new technology that they have developed that offers for quick application development, through configuration rather than coding. (EMC have written a white paper on xCP that you can download).

EMC released xCP to the world a couple of years ago with much fanfare. At the time they were promoting as a technology for “case management”. Since then, they have changed their message, and now promote xCP to be “the” interface solution.

The current version of xCP is 1.5. EMC will be bringing out version 2.0 which will still focus on Case Based applications, but CSC have been invited to be involved with version 2.1. They plan to assess the gap between FirstDoc requirements and xCP version 2.0 capabilities so that they can  contribute suitable requirements.

SPX

CSC plan to continue supporting SPX. SPX stands for SharePoint eXperience and, as mentioned above includes specially designed webparts that can be placed on a SharePoint web site, and allow the users to interact with FirstDocs docbases.

SPX has come a long way since the initial release. CSC’s goal is to close the gap between the functionality available in SPX and that in Webtop. They are not quite there yet, but are getting very close.

While xCP will allow developers to easily create an user interface, SPX has the benefit of being very flexible. The web parts can be dragged easily to different places on the web page, allowing a Portal to be built that matches the way users want to work.

While working on part4 of this series, I noticed a CSC job advertisement for a Senior Product S/W Developer. Looking at the job functions, as well as the qualifications required, it looks like CSC are ramping up their SPX resources.

Performance

As I mentioned in an earlier post (FDUG – Europe – Review of the Agenda), this is one session that I was really looking forward to.

It turned out to be a presentation from one of CSC’s clients, (presented by Bill Meier), outlining what testing that they had done to improve the performance of the FirstDoc system.

This involved some very comprehensive testing. Special environments were set up, and load, and measurement, applications were used to try and determine where the bottlenecks were in the system.

From this came a series of “Corrective Actions”, which were very interesting. I thank the company that provided this information (you know who you are).

User Session

The last session of the day was the User Session. This is where all the CSC staff leave the room, and the users get to really discuss what they find good about CSC, and where CSC could make improvements. This is a half hour event, but it actually went on a lot longer than that.

As always, in the beginning, only one or two compliments, or criticisms are forthcoming, but as always, once the ball starts rolling, the discussion picks up some speed.

During this time, one of the FDUG steering committed (made up of three people from CSC customer base), records the comments.

Normally the next day, the users have a chance to present these to CSC, and give more detail. It’s not a witch hunt, and, I congratulate CSC on giving their clients an opportunity to give them feedback like this.  However, the real test is what they do with the feedback…

Social Event

At about 7pm everyone met in the foyer of the hotel. I had a chance to chat with Christoph Langebner, a senior accout executive at CSC. Chris is a very friendly guy, whom I met at last years EMC’s Momentum in Lisbon.  Back then he was an expecting father, and a bit nervous about it. Now he’s no longer expecting, and no longer nervous.

The entire troop then marched off to a local restaurant “Huth Gewirtschaft“, which I have read is rate No. 4 out of 1034 restaurants in Vienna.  It was a very nice meal, and I found myself sitting opposite Franciska Darmer, a LS Solution Specialist at CSC. (Danish, but living in Florence, Italy – “just for the fun of it”). I was also sitting next to some very interesting people from a couple of different Pharma companies, and at one stage, we all got into an interesting (and friendly) debate over the value of the “electronic signature”. Always interesting to see what other opinions are.

After dinner, the group traipsed off to find a good watering hole. I regret that I didn’t join them…

In Part 4, I’ll discuss the events of the second day.

Next Post: FirstDoc User Group 2011 – a look back at the conference – Part 4

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